What is described as a large, unexpected change in the cost of resources?

A large, unexpected change in the cost of resources is best characterized as an aggregate supply shock. This concept refers to sudden events that drastically affect the production capacity and overall supply in the economy, typically through changes in the costs of inputs, such as labor, raw materials, or energy. When these costs rise abruptly, businesses may reduce their output, leading to a decrease in overall supply and a potential increase in prices.

Aggregate supply shocks can be caused by various factors, including natural disasters, political instability, or sudden increases in resource prices due to geopolitical tensions. They have significant implications for broader economic conditions, such as inflation and employment levels. Understanding this concept is crucial because it helps economists and policymakers respond effectively to sudden changes in the economic landscape and assess how these shocks impact monetary policy and economic stability.

In contrast to this, a supply shock (which is a more general term), demand shock (which pertains to a sudden change in consumer demand), and market fluctuation (which refers to variations in prices or levels of market activity) do not specifically focus on unexpected changes in resource costs. Therefore, the specificity of aggregate supply shock makes it the most accurate descriptor for the scenario presented.